Adam Tooze on X: "Since 1995, the Italian state has posted a primary surplus in 24 out of 25 years; the crisis year 2009 was the only exception so far. Thats a
Solved 1.8. Statistical types of budget deficit: calculate | Chegg.com
The Fiscal Stance in Japan: A Model-based Analysis in: IMF Working Papers Volume 2022 Issue 164 (2022)
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Calculated and actual primary balance as a percentage of GDP | Download Scientific Diagram
By One Key Budget Indicator, the Structural Primary Balance - Economic News, Analysis, and Discussion
Kurt Couchman on X: "Federal debt is so high that balancing excluding interest ("primary balance") won't be enough in the long run. It still makes sense as an intermediate target though. https://t.co/gGzQeRoQQT" /
The primary balance: crucial for stable public debt